Lawyers Work in All Types of Employment Settings

Lawyers work in all types of employment settings and may do some work for every type of employer out there, whether large or small. To simplify, note that lawyers are found in several contexts. Several lawyers have their own private practice while others work in sectors such as the government, social policy agencies, or another type of business. Learn how lawyers work in various settings and how they set the track for their legal career. Private Practice A handful of lawyers work independently in solo practices but most practicing lawyers work as part of a larger team of lawyers.  Over three-quarters of the one million-plus licensed attorneys in the nation work in private practice.  Those employed in a law firm can work as partners and associates, however, these firms also tend to hire legal professionals for other duties, such as legal secretaries, clerks, litigation support and more.  The average annual salary for a lawyer in private practice is $137,000. Government Lawyers are hired by local, state and the federal government for work on cases as well as analysis. Some lawyers might do legal research on topics related to laws or policies.  This career can lead to working for state attorneys general, public defenders, district attorneys, and the courts. They can also investigate cases on a federal level, such as for the U.S Department of Justice. The average salary for this role is $130,000 a year. Social Policy Agencies Private and nonprofit policy agencies and think tanks hire lawyers to research policy-related topics, write briefs intended to educate policymakers and litigate.  Think tank jobs often include nonprofit, public policy organizations that include advocacy initiatives. Typically, these are independent organizations but some have government relations or funding. Lawyers who are savvy and passionate about policy and research will enjoy this type of role, however, the annual average salary is about what a nonprofit can offer. Business Every large business employs lawyers. They might deal with human resources issues, such as hiring policies. Others do work related to be the business itself. For example, a lawyer who works at a pharmaceutical company might be involved in litigation or in determining the legal feasibility of particular actions. Working in a corporate law firm often comes with big responsibilities and a huge paycheck, but with smaller law firms, lawyers can expect more varied work, flexible work schedules, and more hands-on experience. Take Your Pick Lawyers work in all settings. With creativity, ingenuity, and hard work, you can have a legal career in any setting you work. Consider whether you see yourself working at a private practice, government entity, social policy agency or business, whether corporate or small. Weigh the options of what type of law you will be performing, the passion you have for the industry, the scale at which you will be working and of course, balance all of these pros and cons with the annual median salary. As a lawyer, you have options.

The Importance Of Earnest By Oscar Wilde - 896 Words

First and foremost, The Importance of Earnest is a comedy of manners as Oscar Wilde’s main premise is to satirise the behaviours of upper class Victorian society, as he knew it. In order to achieve this he created witty dialogue, ridiculed the institution of marriage and appealed, more, to the audience’s intelligence than their emotions. However, he also creates comedy by installing farcical features such as mistaken identity, physical humour and an absurd plot. Through the use of repartee (one of the main features of a Comedy of Manners), between Jack and Algernon in Act 1, Wilde displays the upper class as hypocritical. When Jack says, â€Å"My dear Algy, you talk exactly as if you were a dentist. It is very vulgar to talk like a dentist when one isn’t a dentist. It produces a false impression.† He tries to claim that Algernon is being deceitful but instead, highlights his own hypocrisy, as previously he had been trying to deceive him about Cecily. By using three consecutive short sentences, a slow and steady pace is created; contrary to the effect it usually has or is used for. This casual pace is hilarious because it creates an agreeable tone, when in fact, what he is saying is not of reason. From this, the audience can tell that Jack is arguing for the sake of arguing, since his words are not of actual substance, which makes it even funnier seeing that he is constructing an irrelevant link - that does not even prove his po int. It highlights how trivial Jack is; perhapsShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde707 Words   |  3 PagesWebsters dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind. Which can be considered a pun since thought this play we see the characters being more apathetic. The Importance of Being Earnest is the story of Jack Worthing is the main character and the protagonist of this play. He is a well of business man who lives in the country and is very well respected there. But Jack has a secret he lives another in the city of London where he claims to goRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1750 Words   |  7 PagesHidden Symbols in The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde takes place in 1895 and exposes the hypocritical social expectations of the end of the Victorian era. During the Victorian period, marriage was about protecting your resources and keeping socially unacceptable impulses under control. The play undeniable reveals and focuses satire around differences between the behaviors of the upper class and that of the lower class. Oscar Wilde uses comedic symbolismRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde975 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest is a play written by Oscar Wilde about a man named Jack who lies about his identity and ends up creating huge confusion about who he really is. The biggest notion that appears throughout the play is about character. There are many instances where the characters of the play lie about their identities and pretend to be people they are not. Oscar Wilde does this throughout the play in order to explain how one’s identi ty can be made up. One is not born with an identity;Read MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde913 Words   |  4 Pagesmake them known. This concept has come to be the brick and mortar of the wry play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde The significance of the notion of being earnest is contradicted in the play, through Wilde’s clever use of words, characters digression of societal normalcy, and triviality of Victorian concepts. Cynical character Algernon asserts that women of Victorian society reinforce the importance of orderly money as a type of social contract. On page 3, it is quickly established theRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde773 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play by Oscar Wilde â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Wilde takes a comedic stance on a melodrama, portraying the duplicity of Victorian traditions and social values as the modernism of the twentieth century begins to emerge. The idea of the play revolves around its title of the characters discovering the importance of being earnest to their individual preferences. The author uses the traditional efforts of finding a marriage partner to illustrate the conflicting pressure of Victorian valuesRead MoreThe Impor tance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1318 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Status in Persuasion and The Importance of Being Earnest Social status refers to a person s position or importance within a society. I have done some research and have acquired information over the way social status is addressed in both the writings of Jane Austen and Oscar Wilde. In the novel Persuasion we can see how the characters go beyond their means to uphold their title and social value. In the play The Importance of Being Earnest we can see how the social rank and wealth of a personRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1293 Words   |  6 Pagescarrying yourself, many of which was not the must enjoyable of ways and lacked some fun that many need in their life. This forced many to split their Public life from the Private one. Written in the Victorian Era, the works of The importance of being earnest by Oscar Wilde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson ,and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley displays how the characters need to keep be kept their Private lives separate from their Public lives in order to fi t into their strict VictorianRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to fully understand the meaning of â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and its importance in its time, one must look at Oscar Wilde’s background in relation to the Victorian time period. Biography.com states that Wilde had a very social life, growing up among influential Victorians and intellectuals of the time. As he grew older and became a successful writer, he began engaging in homosexual affairs which was a crime during the 19th century. He eventually started a relationship with AlfredRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1382 Words   |  6 Pagesappeared to be strict. The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde, a nineteenth century author who was one of the most acclaimed playwrights of his day, is a play set in the Victorian time period that demonstrates how trivial telling the truth was. Different characters through out Wilde’s play establish their dishonestly through hiding who they really are and pretending to be someone whom they are not. In an essay titled â€Å"From ‘Oscar Wilde’s Game of Being Earnest,’† Tirthankar Bose describesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 Pagesexuberant nonconformist and controversial playwright, eminent author Oscar Wilde produced critically acclaimed literary works that defined the essence of late Victorian England. Posthumously recognized for his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and satiric comedy The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde initially acquired criticism for his immoral and unconventional style of writing. Additionally, to his dismay, strife followed Wilde in his personal life as he was notoriously tried and incarcerated

Impact of Social Media Marketing

Question: Explain Impact of Social Media Marketing on Business. Answer: Now a day, social media marketing has become much popular among every sector or industry. It has been found that among all the marketing strategies, the social media marketing has become the most beneficial one as in these present days people are more familiar in using the internet and the social media sites like Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Instagram and many more. The social media marketing is a strategy that is generally used by most of the companies both smaller and larger, where they use the websites of social media networking platform to market and sell their products. The primary objective of the social media marketing (SMM) is the development of a database, which will be shared by the users of the social networking among their social group in order to help the organization in brand building and also to widen the consumer reach. In the social media marketing, the social media optimization (SMO) plays an important role. It is a systematic approach that can gain effective and new visitors to a particular website. However, SMO can be performed by two technologies one connects the links of the social media to the database, like sharing options and RSS feeds. The second one is to provide advertisement regarding activity by using the social media and by updating the post, blog tweets or status (Zou Fu, 2011). The information that is shared on the social websites generally help the customers to determine the position of an organization in the market. The reason behind this is that 92 out of total 100 consumers trust more on the word of mouth than any type of advertisement, on the other hand, the online consumers reviews are taken as the second most trusted source. It has also been found that 46% of the total web users go through the social sites before purchasing. In addition to this, the firms gather double lead s on an average from the persons who use Twitter than who do not. 60% of the agency experts and 70% of the brand advertisers count the social media marketing as the most effective procedure for creating brand awareness. In the competitive market, it is an essential factor that every organization smaller and larger should take the advantage of digital technology with the aim to increase its profits (Tuten Solomon, 2013). This research proposal will indicate that how the SMM is related with the increased rate of the popularity of the firm and the selling of products increased. Problem Statement The implementation of the social media marketing strategy increases the sales of a company and thus it also increases the profitability ratio of the firm. However, it has been found that implementation of the particular social media marketing strategy is an expensive factor. Thus, most of the larger companies have implemented this strategy but it has been noted that smaller companies generally do not implement this social media marketing strategy for higher expense. The social media marketing strategy helps the companies to get popularize but it is hard for any new brand or new company to penetrate the market as various risks are associated with the online business. Trust of the customers on the company especially in the process of transaction is the main factor or it can be said that it is the essential factor (Smith Zook, 2011). Thus, it might happen many times that people do not start trusting any new brand or company and thus they do not purchase any products and services from t he new company. Therefore, proper promotional campaign, advertising are required for building the brand and also for increasing the popularity of the firm. The social media marketing strategy helps to build good relationship with the customers (Singh Diamond, 2012). However, it has been found that to develop or to build good relationship with the customers, the company has to suffer much. The main reason behind this is that there are various risks related to the online marketing business. These include the reputational risks, employment risks, legal risks, security risks, intellectual property risks, media risks, defamation risks, operational risks, privacy risks and also social media risks. Social media has changed the process of communication and interaction (Scott Scott, 2011). Thus the operation of the companies should also vary. The legal risks that are linked with the social media should be considered carefully in order to engage in a social media strategy. The reputational risks are the main problem as through online websites, one company can get affected due to various prank video stories or due to false representation of the company information. The social media sites potentially increase the security risks especially the personal information and details of the customers like account number, debit card number and many more (Pride Ferrell, 2012). In addition to this, most of the customers remain scared of the transaction factor as hacking is a major problem in case of internet or online shopping. Defamation results due to social media activities and thus companies sometimes might need to be aware of the defamatory statements made by their employees regarding its competitors and the statements made by the people based on the third party social networking pages of the company. On the other hand, the operational risks might also affect in building relationships with the customers of the company. The reason behind this is the risk of endangering the networked computers of the organization by unknowingly acquiring viruses, malware and spyware (Malhotra, 2013). In such scenario, it has become essential that in order to increase the sales and profitability of the company and its popularity, the firms have to overcome all the risks and barrier regarding the social media marketing (Olivas-Lujan Bondarouk, 2013). This study will help to fill the gap with the empirical evidence of the impacts and the risks of the social media marketing faced by the companies and it will help the companies to build good relationship with the customers. Research Objectives/ Questions The primary objective of this research proposal is to recognize the potential output of the social media marketing strategy that is mainly used by the organization. The research questions are as follows: How does the impact of social media marketing strategy lead to an increase in the popularity and the sales of an organization or of a business? How much is social media marketing effective over the traditional marketing style? How does the social media marketing helps to build the relationship with the customers? Justification of the Project The social media platform offers the organizations to interact and connect with the customers and also to promote the brand of the company. It can also be said that social media marketing strategies help in brand building and in driving the traffic to the website of the particular company (Malhotra, 2012). The involvement of the organizations in the social media platform creates more human face to the particular business. This helps the organizations to get popularize in short period of time. Thus, it can also be said that the social media marketing helps to increase the revenue of the firm along with the profitability ratios of the organizations. However, some issues have been stated in the problem statement of the proposal based on which this research proposal has been structured (Macarthy, 2013). Though there are various types of facilities and positivity in the implementation of the social media marketing strategies within the organization, there are various negativities. These i nclude firstly, there are a number of major social sites like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, Instagram and Google+ and many more, thus it might create confusion among the management department of the companies as they have to identify first that which social media site is more used by the customers and as per the survey and analysis the firms will use those particular social media sites for marketing. Secondly, there are several risks associated with the social media marketing strategies, these include social risks, reputational risks, operational risks and legal risks (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, 2011). In addition to these legal risks include employment risks, security risks, intellectual property risks, media risks, defamation risks and privacy risks. Therefore, it can be said that the performance of the particular research proposal is justified and significant as every organization should overcome the above stated issues regarding implementation of the social media marketin g strategies within the firm. The overcome of the issues will help every firm both larger companies and smaller companies will be able to implement the particular SMM strategies within the organization (Kotler Keller, 2012). And implementation of this strategy will help every organization to interact and communicate more with its customers and this will also help to understand the customers better. Thus it makes the companies able to provide the products and services as per the demand and need of the customers. By fulfilling the demand and need of the customers, the companies gain more customers and thus sales of the firm increased along with the profit percentage of the firm also increased. All these positivity help the firm to get more popular within the competitive market and these acts as the competitive advantage of the firm. Expected Research Output/ Outcome The outcomes of this particular research study will give an analytical framework for the investigation of the factors that affects the businesses because of the implementation of the social media marketing strategies that ultimately help in developing the growth and the popularity of the businesses and also in analyzing the strategies that are used by the companies with the aim to proof the effectiveness of the social media marketing strategy over the traditional marketing style (Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2011). This research proposal is also expected to build the relationship of the company with its existing and potential customers through the implementation of the social media marketing strategies (Grewal Levy, 2012). The response of various businesses might vary but still the research study will help the researchers to understand the scenario and will also help to provide a wholesome picture of the particular circumstance regarding the impact of the social media marketing on the businesses. The adaptation and the performance of the smaller business depends on many factors, these include the high expense for the implementation of the social media marketing strategy, the ability of the smaller firms to fight against all the types of risks and the ability of the smaller firms to earn the trust and the belief of the customers regarding offering of cost effective and authenticated products and services might affect the implementation of the particular strategy (Evans, 2012). These factors might have an effect on the final output of this particular research study. Moreover, the research objectives and questions will be answered as these have been identified in this research proposal on the basis of the information and data gathered during the interview and questionnaire survey, findings and analysis, which will be performed for the same (Elliott, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, 2012). All these outputs of the research study will be considered as an important academic w ork for the specified and stated problem statements that have been recognized only for this research proposal. Lastly, it can also be said that this particular research study will provide benefit to the future owners of the start-up businesses prior to embark of their businesses. Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis In this research proposal study, the aim of the researcher is to find out how the use of the social media marketing strategy can help an organization in order to (i) increase the sales of the firm and its profit percentage and (ii) reach out to increased numbers of consumers and to build and maintain a good relationship with the customers. This analysis will also help to understand the reasons for which the social media marketing strategy is considered as more effective over the traditional marketing style. Therefore, a conceptual framework has been proposed by the researcher where both dependent and independent variables have been considered. In this proposed conceptual framework, there is only one independent variable and has two dependent variables. The single independent variable for this particular research proposal is the use of the social media marketing strategy and on the other hand, the two dependent variables of the conceptual framework depending on the research proposal a re increase in sales amount and sales volume and reaching out to more consumers (Bosik, 2011). The proposed conceptual framework of the implementation of the social media marketing strategy within an organization or a business has been structured as follows: Hypothesis: There are mainly two aims that are needed to be analyzed and discussed in order to analyze the stated problem statements of this research proposal. Firstly, the aim of this research proposal is to investigate whether there is any relationship or not between the use of the social media marketing strategy within an organization and in reaching out to more consumers of the company (Biddle Emmett, 2013). Therefore, the hypotheses can be stated as follows: H0: There is no relationship between the use of the social media marketing strategy within an organization and in reaching out to more numbers of consumers. H1: There is a relationship between the use of the social media marketing strategy within an organization and in reaching out to more numbers of consumers. Secondly, the other objective of the firm is to find out whether there is any relation between the use of the social media marketing strategy within an organization and in increasing the sales volume and sales amount of the products and/ or services of the particular firm (Berghoff, Scranton, Spiekermann, 2012). Therefore, the hypotheses can be stated as follows: H0: There is no relationship between the use of the social media marketing strategy within an organization and in increasing the sales volume and sales amount of the products and/ or services of the particular firm. H1: There is a relationship between the use of the social media marketing strategy within an organization and in increasing the sales volume and sales amount of the products and/ or services of the particular firm. Methodology For every research study, methodology plays a vital role as proper selection of method is essential for completing the research systematical and in time. In this research study, various methods will be undertaken to complete the research in time and to analyze the problem statements effectively. Literature Review: The relevant literature and the available information will be used for in-depth study. These include journal articles, blogs, books, websites, Google Scholar and videos (Bartkowiak, 2012). Thematic analysis of these documents will be performed. Data Collection Method (Data Series and Questionnaires/ Surveys) Various data and information can be gathered from the series of data. The surveys will be conducted in order to provide an idea regarding the usefulness of the implementation of the social media marketing strategy, increase in the sales and the method of overcoming the risks associated with the implementation of the particular strategy. Moreover, questionnaires will be prepared and distributed online in order to save time. The answers of the survey will help the researcher to understand the reason and the relationship between the implementation of social media marketing strategies and in the good relation with the customers. Observing Key Indicators: By examining the critical information from the websites of other companies that focuses on implementation of the social media marketing, the analysis of the research study will be performed (Barker, Barker, Bormann, Neher, 2013). Data Analysis Methods: Data will be analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative analysis will include the information gathered from surveys and online forums with the marketing advisors. On the other hand, quantitative analysis will be performed on the basis of the figures, excel sheets, pie charts, statistical and mathematical modeling that are available from scholarly articles and online. This research study will consider a mixture of all the methodologies mentioned above. By applying these methodologies the researcher will be able to analyze the problem statements in details (Baines, Fill, Page, 2011). Organization of the Study The organization of the study is as follows: Chapter One It will represent the Research Proposal as structured in this assignment. Chapter Two This chapter will describe the particular case study related to the impact of the implementation of the social media marketing strategies on the businesses. Chapter Three It will include the details of the methodology that is the literature review of the particular research topic, data collection methodologies like data series and questionnaire surveys, observation of primary indicators of the social media marketing strategies and data analysis methodologies (Albarran, 2013). Chapter Four This chapter will represent the Data Interpretations and Findings along with the Analysis of this research proposal. Chapter Five This particular chapter will summarize all the important findings and will discuss about their implications in making the businesses better prepared in order to survive in the competitive market by implementing the social media marketing strategy on the businesses, both smaller and larger companies. Gantt chart The table below shows the timeline for the entire Project to be completed. Research Activities 1-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 Topic of the Research Analysis of the secondary source Layout of the investigation Literature review and theories Operations and research plans Research Plans and Techniques Primary data Analysis Interpretation of Data Analysis Findings and Analysis Conclusion and Summary Formation of Draft Final Submission of the research Paper Milestones and Deliverables Project Budget and Budget Justification The budget of this research study is around $5000 with the aim to complete the particular project within the specified time frame as provided in Gantt chart. The significance of the projected budget is as follows: The Literature Review requires the usage of journal articles, textbooks and online resources, which are not free of cost. This will cost about $1200. Data will be collected in the form of questionnaires and surveys that will include travelling, printing and mailing expenses (Aaker, 2013). This will cost around $2300. For data analysis, charts, graphs, various data and tables have to access. Thus some cost should also be allocated for this purpose. This will cost around $1500. In summary: Purpose Projected Expense Literature Review $1200 Data collection $2300 Data Analysis $1500 Total Estimated Budget $5000 References Aaker, D. (2013).Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Albarran, A. (2013).The social media industries. New York: Routledge. Baines, P., Fill, C., Page, K. (2011).Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Barker, M., Barker, D., Bormann, N., Neher, K. (2013).Social media marketing. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Bartkowiak, J. (2012).Market research in a week. London: Hodder Education. Berghoff, H., Scranton, P., Spiekermann, U. (2012).The rise of marketing and market research. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Biddle, J. Emmett, R. (2013).A research annual. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Bosik, D. (2011).Mobile marketing advertising 2012. [Place of publication not identified]: Mind Commerce Publishing, LLC. Elliott, G., Rundle-Thiele, S., Waller, D. (2012).Marketing. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Evans, D. (2012).Social media marketing. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley. Grewal, D. Levy, M. (2012).Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kerin, R., Hartley, S., Rudelius, W. (2011).Marketing. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kotler, P. Keller, K. (2012).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Lamb, C., Hair, J., McDaniel, C. (2011).Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Macarthy, A. (2013).500 social media marketing tips. Lexington, KY: [CreateSpace]. Malhotra, N. (2012).Basic marketing research. Boston: Pearson. Malhotra, N. (2013).Review of marketing research. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Olivas-Lujan, M. Bondarouk, T. (2013).Social media in strategic management. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Pride, W. Ferrell, O. (2012).Marketing 2012. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Scott, D. Scott, D. (2011).The new rules of marketing PR. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Singh, S. Diamond, S. (2012).Social media marketing for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Smith, P. Zook, Z. (2011).Marketing communications. London: Kogan Page. Tuten, T. Solomon, M. (2013).Social media marketing. Boston: Pearson. Zou, S. Fu, H. (2011).International marketing. Bingley: Emerald.

Relationship between Christians and Jews

In Europe, especially Germany there was a certain separateness of language and culture between Christian Europeans and the Jews. Though, this was noticed during the time of emerging heresy (new faith) in Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Christians and Jews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, Christianity was declared the official religion of the Roman Empire in the fourth century, but surprisingly Judaism was singled out as one of the rival religions to be protected by the church when the Roman Empire crumbled in the then Western Europe. Accordingly well-organized governance and order also crumbled with it, which brought about the medieval ages (Dark ages). However, St. Paul’s doctrine remained and was basically an admonishment of some of the mosaic laws. In line with this, it made the Jews view Christianity as blasphemy against God and their faith (Birnbaum 107). Add itionally, the papal institutions that came into being after the fall of the Roman Empire led to the accusations of Jewry blasphemy against the church (Christian faith) on the basis that the Jews had inflicted torture and murdered the Messiah under the sign of the cross. Furthermore, the papal church began an inquisition and direct punishment of heresy in the Kingdom of France under the director of the cathedral school in Mainz Conrad of Marburg. The papal church considered the interethnic coexistence between the Jews and Arabs with hostilities. However, the Christians in northern Europe were still divided and did not accept Jewry in their social order as did the Arab society. Generally the view of Christians towards Jews has been their interpretation about the role of the Jews in the life and death of Jesus Christ and their accusation of the Jews as the murderers of Christ. In modern times very few people in Europe still hold these convictions. Nevertheless, modern study and psycho logy has brought about the feeling that, though the ancients Jews were guilty of Christ’s death. The Jews still had very close ties which united them with Christ, since they the Jews were of the same race with Christ, and witnessed of his death and resurrection. The modern Christians in Europe and elsewhere has since come to realise that, â€Å"Christ became the redeemer only because he was crucified† thus, holding the Jews responsible for the crime from which the Christians reap moral and psychological belief.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conditions that brought about the persecution of the Jews in the High Middle ages. A common view that led to the persecution of the Jews in the High middle ages is because of the ecclesiastical pressure to Christendom of Jews, and rulers eventually bowed to ecclesiastical demands. In England, the King alone profited, the no bility believed that Jews posed a constant threat, hence, the nobility pressed for expulsion, just as it sought to destroy the Jews of York in 1191, Seeing in the Jews the King’s hated financial agents (Levy 21). Why persecution is not possible today In the modern era the holy book (Bible) has become something that both unites and separates Jews and Christians. Additionally, in the 19th century a body of Jewish Christians was formed in England by Rabinowitz. Though, it caused great controversy, but it was still supported by some Jewish Christian leaders. However it grew significantly into the twentieth century and spread to other parts of the world. To understand the relationship between the Christians and Jews, there must be an appreciation of both of them, in that, without the Jews Christianity would not have existed. (Frojmovic 34). There must be dissemination of knowledge on the issue of Judaism not being evil or linked with the death of Christ. Though, modern theology an d doctrine has striven to tackle the problem and thus building of the relationship between the Jews and Christians which necessitated the calmness and peace they both share. Moreover, there is impressive unification between the Christians and Jewish. Additionally, the Jews in Europe are now accepted and recognised since the creation of Israel. Though many migrated to the newly founded country, while many opted to remain in Europe and keep their citizenships. With these remarkable events it would be quite difficult for anti-Semitism to show its ugly face in Europe due to the modern political and socio-economic order which have been put in place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Christians and Jews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Birnbaum, Salomo A. Yiddish: a survey and a grammar. Manchester: Manchester University Press ND, 1979. Frojmovic, Eva. Imagining the self, imagining the o ther: visual representation and Jewish-Christian dynamics in the Middle Ages and early modern period. Laiden, The Netherland: BRILL, 2002. Levy, Richard S. Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution, Volume 2. Santa Barbra, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005. This essay on Relationship between Christians and Jews was written and submitted by user Miracle J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anthro Study Of Weight Lifting essays

Anthro Study Of Weight Lifting essays For my fieldwork study I went to the University Recreation Center weight room. I began by observing and evaluating people inside the weight room. There were about thirty-five people working out. The ages ranged from eighteen-year-old freshmen to fifty year old Hofstra alumni. The males dominated in population by about eighty percent. Many ethnic groups spread throughout the room. The weight room consists of barbells, abdominal, back, shoulders, chest and leg machines. There are also nautilus machines, chin up bars, and a weight scale. People use the weight room mainly for good health but also for nice looks and big egos. There is usually at least one supervisor making sure everyone maintains safety with the weights. The supervisor consistently made sure weights werent in the way so people wouldnt trip over them. All people that were working cooperated with the rules because the weight room was very clean. People seemed very courteous to others. For the most part, people were wearing sweatpants, tee shirts, and sneakers. The music consisted of a rap FM radio station, Hot 97. I guess that is the music that most people appreciate. The music kept alive and pumped. There were roughly two to four people working out in each section. I noticed a group of four Asian people bench pressing; the rest consisted of white and black people. My overall perspective of my night in the weight room was that people all seem to be having fun. People were dancing, singing, and smiling in between their exercises. It seems to me that people really take an interest in improving their health and body tone. I noticed that people really struggle to do their limit and above, just to increase their body size. I also noticed that a lot of people go to the weight room to release stress and tension that they build up during the day. This says that the U.S. culture has become very conscious of health and body discipline. All different ages reac...

Worksheet for Chebyshevs Inequality

Worksheet for Chebyshev's Inequality Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1 -1/K2 of data from a sample must fall within K standard deviations from the mean, where ​​K is any positive real number greater than one. This means that we don’t need to know the shape of the distribution of our data. With only the mean and standard deviation, we can determine the amount of data a certain number of standard deviations from the mean. The following are some problems to practice using the inequality. Example #1 A class of second graders has a mean height of five feet with a standard deviation of one inch. At least what percent of the class must be between 4’10† and 5’2†?​​ Solution The heights that are given in the range above are within two standard deviations from the mean height of five feet. Chebyshev’s inequality says that at least 1 – 1/22 3/4 75% of the class is in the given height range. Example #2 Computers from a particular company are found to last on average for three years without any hardware malfunction, with a standard deviation of two months. At least what percent of the computers last between 31 months and 41 months? Solution The mean lifetime of three years corresponds to 36 months. The times of 31 months to 41 months are each 5/2 2.5 standard deviations from the mean. By Chebyshev’s inequality, at least 1 – 1/(2.5)62 84% of the computers last from 31 months to 41 months. Example #3 Bacteria in a culture live for an average time of three hours with a standard deviation of 10 minutes. At least what fraction of the bacteria live between two and four hours? Solution Two and four hours are each one hour away from the mean. One hour corresponds to six standard deviations. So at least 1 – 1/62 35/36 97% of the bacteria live between two and four hours. Example #4 What is the smallest number of standard deviations from the mean that we must go if we want to ensure that we have at least 50% of the data of a distribution? Solution Here we use Chebyshev’s inequality and work backward. We want 50% 0.50 1/2 1 – 1/K2. The goal is to use algebra to solve for K. We see that 1/2 1/K2. Cross multiply and see that 2 K2. We take the square root of both sides, and since K is a number of standard deviations, we ignore the negative solution to the equation. This shows that K is equal to the square root of two. So at least 50% of the data is within approximately 1.4 standard deviations from the mean. Example #5 Bus route #25 takes a mean time of 50 minutes with a standard deviation of 2 minutes. A promotional poster for this bus system states that â€Å"95% of the time bus route #25 lasts from ____ to _____ minutes.† What numbers would you fill in the blanks with? Solution This question is similar to the last one in that we need to solve for K, the number of standard deviations from the mean. Start by setting 95% 0.95 1 – 1/K2. This shows that 1 - 0.95 1/K2. Simplify to see that 1/0.05 20 K2. So K 4.47. Now express this in the terms above. At least 95% of all rides are 4.47 standard deviations from the mean time of 50 minutes. Multiply 4.47 by the standard deviation of 2 to end up with nine minutes. So 95% of the time, bus route #25 takes between 41 and 59 minutes.

Comparative Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative Corporate Governance - Essay Example There are several causes that have been cited for the crisis, including the conflicts of interests of Board members and auditors. (Deakin and Konzelmann, 2003:583). But the most relevant one that has been offered is the inherent defects in the shareholder model that the Company had adopted. This model focuses on maximization of shareholder value to the exclusion of other strategic corporate interests. The other major corporate governance model – Rhineland Model, on the other hand, is known as the stakeholder model because it is less susceptible to the kind of financial crisis that afflicted Enron due to the financial manipulation that was taking place. This essay will examine the proposition that the Enron financial scandal might not have occurred if the Company had implemented the Rhineland model rather than the Anglo Saxon model. The Anglo Saxon system of corporate governance places its emphasis upon â€Å"free market operation†, where the ultimate objective of organizational function is the achievement of shareholder value.(Berghe and deRidder, 1999:40). The German system which is based on the Rhineland Model, is much more concerned with a â€Å"socially corrected market economy.†(Berghe and deRidder, 1999:40). This Model attributes a much wider role to the corporation than the maximization of shareholder value. Attention is also directed to other stakeholders in the corporation in terms of objectives, criteria for performance as well as the corporate governance structure and processes. The basic assumption of the Rhineland model is that both labor and capital are necessary and cooperation between the two is important. As a result, it is not only the interests of the shareholders that will be of paramount importance, but also those of employees, customers and suppliers (Vitols:337). When there is a conflict of interest, the interests of the enterprise will take precedence over the interests of shareholders. Hence, the major difference

Data Set Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Set - Essay Example What is the range of a set of data? Refers to the difference between the highest and the lowest data values of a given data set What is another name for the lower quartile? The first quartile What is the lower quartile? It divides the lower fourth of the data set from the upper three fourths What are the other two names for the middle quartile? The median, the second quartile What is the middle quartile? It refers to the overall median term of a given data set What is another name for the upper quartile? Third quartile What is the upper quartile? It is the median of the data values in the upper half of a data set What is the 5 number summary of a set of data? low value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, high value What is a box plot? Refers to plot that shows the five number summary visually with a rectangular box enclosing the lower and upper quartiles, a line marking the median and whiskers extending to the minimum and maximum values. The term standard deviation sounds really scary, but it is not really a horrible monster what is it a measure of? It is a measure of spread or variation What is the formula we use to find the standard deviation of a set of data? standard deviation=√(sum of (deviations from mean)^2/total number of data values-1) What is the range rule of thumb? It is the relationship between the standard deviation and the range given by

Detailed Guidance Essay Example for Free

Detailed Guidance Essay The key to doing well on this task is detail. Several sections require that you analyze information. This requires that you read carefully, think deeply and show your insight that you gained from the information provided in the case study. A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and Weaknesses When picking out the strengths and weaknesses of symphony there isn ¿t a list to which you can refer. Rather, you will want to read the case study carefully and to use your insight to discover indications of strengths and weaknesses in the data provided in the case. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including: financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses of the symphony. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses. When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include: profitability, stability, capital availability, reliance on revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc. and anything that you believe would affect the finances of the firm in a positive or negative way. When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on the leaders of the symphony, Keith Lockhart. What his strengths that you can make a case would improve is effectiveness as a leader? What are his weaknesses that would lessen his effectiveness as leader? Another thing to consider would be if there are any vacant key positions that would influence the leadership of the organization. Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example; if I were to indicate that the opera had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness.  Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness. A1a. Steps for Utah Symphony Now you ¿ve provided some really good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the symphony and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that you ¿ve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses. A2. Utah Opera Strengths and Weaknesses Review the case study carefully to find examples of the strengths and weaknesses in the financial and leadership aspects of the symphony. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including: financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses. When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include: profitability, stability, capital, liquidity, revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc. When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on Anne Ewers. What are her leadership strengths? What are her strengths that you can make a case for would assist her ability to lead? What are her leadership weaknesses? Does she have any personal liabilities that would  weaken her ability to lead. Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example; if I were to indicate that the symphony had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness. Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness. A2a. Steps for Utah Opera Now you ¿ve provided some good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the Opera and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that you ¿ve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses. A3. Scorecard Aspects Find and download the Balanced Scorecard document given to you in Task Stream. The balanced scorecard is not covered in your book. Look at the book from SkillPort  ¿ Performance Drivers: A Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard. This is where the template came from. Read chapter 1, 2 and 3 to best understand it.  ¿Compare the information in the current scorecards for each company to the cultures you can discern from the case study. Do you think the scorecards adequately address the strengths and weaknesses? Why or why not? B. Merged Company Balanced Scorecard (Create a Balanced Scorecard for the merged company using the strategic goals. These goals are given to you in the directions for the task (see information above the questions).  ¿Don ¿t just combine the symphony and opera goals, CSF ¿s and measurement.  ¿Use the strategic goals to develop a goal for each of the four aspects. Now, be creative, what should the critical success factors and measurements be?  ¿Make sure to create and include a vision statement and a business model statement (you can use the ones on the symphony and opera balanced scorecards as a model). When creating the goals for the individual sections of the balanced scorecard you will want to create goals that are specific to the section (finance, customer, internal etc.) but that, if achieved, would help the company to achieve the five first-year strategic goals that are identified at the top of the task. C. Merged Company Strengths and Weaknesses The key here is to analyze the company utilizing the balances scorecard as an analytical tool. In earlier sections you had to analyze strengths and weaknesses as you pull them out of the facts of a case study. However, now you have been introduced to a new analytical tool; the balanced scorecard and you will need to analyze each element of the balanced scorecard. You should analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the merged company addressing each section of the scorecard e.g. financial customer, internal process learning and growth. D. Issues From reading the case study and after reading about change management in Chapter 18 of the Kreitner and Kinicki, discuss an issue in each of the 3 areas (finance, human resources, and customer satisfaction) then include good mitigating steps that Anne could take to prevent the problem.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨D1. Mitigating Actions This section requires that you identify 3 actions that Anne can immediately take to mitigate the three issues you identified above. (You should provide one recommendation for each of the issues that you identified in part D.) You should not only identify, but should also  explain, exactly what Anne should do for each of the three recommendations that you provide. †¨E. In-Text Citations and References in APA Format Every reference that is listed on the Reference list should have been cited in-text in your response. If you did not cite something in-text it should be taken off of this reference list. However, at minimum you should cite the case study and the course textbook and there should be corresponding in-text citations within your response.

Shortage of Physicians In Canada Essay -- Canadian Health Care System

In the past decade, Canada’s population has grown from 5,301,000 in 1900 to over 34,030,589 in 2011, driven mainly by immigration (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). By 2056 it is expected, one in four Canadians will be 65 years or older, compared to 13 per cent currently. This will put a huge strain on the country’s health care system (Macleans, 2008 p.2). The future of Canada’s health care system is at great risk due to its escalating and aging population. This is triggering a shortage of physicians, particularly anesthesiologists, in some provinces of Canada (Canadian Medicine Journal, 2007). Anesthesiologists are specialist physicians who provide critical care to patients in a number of health programs: operative anesthesia for patients in all surgical subspecialties, acute pain management, procedural anesthesia, obstetrical care, and high-risk medical management, chronic pain management, resuscitation, advanced airway management, and critical care (Intermou ntain Healthcare, 2011). The current shortage of anesthesiologists is highly impacting access to care in each of these areas. Due to the lack of foresight in government policies, the shortage of anesthesiologists in Canada is increasing and becoming more critical. The Canadian government has failed to train, hire, and retain enough anesthesiologists/assistants for the needs of Canada’s rising population. The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) estimates it would take 26,000 more physicians, presently, in order to bring Canada up to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (Macleans, 2008 p.2). The Canadian health care system promises universality, portability, and accessibility; unfortunately, it faces political challenges of meeting pub... ...ortant role in this shortage because if they reconstruct and formulate policies to accept and graduate more students specializing in anesthesiology, it will significantly reduce the shortfall of anesthesiologists. Lastly, the Canadian government needs to recruit more and retain enough anesthesiologists to meet the needs of its population. Instead of the government ignoring the issue, it should see this as an opportunity to dedicate its efforts to construct a good health care system which will result in healthier Canadians. This will not take only the efforts of the government but also the efforts of hospitals, maternity care providers, healthcare and professional liability insurers, consumers, and policymakers. With the use of future-planning in government policies it will mitigate this short-fall of anesthesiologists and prevent it from occurring in the long-run.

Causes of communication problems Essay

It exhibits itself when team members always want to protect and defend own interests. There is no openness and communication is always argumentative with team members trying to outdo each other as regards explaining why they are right and their colleagues wrong (Peter, 1988). Different expectations: Divergent views on individual roles and responsibilities and authority structure results in tension and communication breakdown. Confusion: Chaos over roles, processes and responsibilities resulting from inadequate or inaccurate information can lead to loss of productivity and communication breakdown. Loss of momentum: Results when team members aren’t all working toward project success leading to a lag in project progress. Frustration ensues when some teammates feel they are being pulled back. The once smooth communication turns into one of finger pointing further aggravating the loss of momentum. Dissatisfaction: A project is headed towards doom when teammates find it is no fun going to work. Such a project is likely to be behind schedule and out of budget. Communication among project team is strained. Lack of commitment: Poor communication could result when team members are not fully committed to the project success (Peter, 1988). Unconscious incompetence: An inexperienced person in the team who doesn’t understand their limitations focuses mainly on the documentation aspect instead of dwelling on problem solving. This is because the team member should quickly learn to solve problems as they occur. Avoiding miscommunication Being receptive to mentoring: New job entrants should understand that they can benefit from learning from those who are older in the job. Managers should also avoid instructing new job entrants to do the difficult tasks as this is not conducive for one who needs to learn. Stress management: Close monitoring and periodic management of stress levels among project team will do justice to the overall performance of the project. A Stress-free team exhibits good communication (Peter, 1988). Stimulate fun: Monitoring the level of fun in the team and working towards stimulating the same is of importance to the success of the project goals. Proper communication is more likely to result. Quickly resolve issues: This ensures timely restoration of diminished project momentum to allow for project progress. Mechanisms for resolution of disputes should be known and utilized by all (Ferdinand, 1978). Make oneself a trusted leader: A leader who has 100% voluntary followers will initiate proper communication. The leader will offer a clear direction, decision making and problem solving if needed. Open communication: Holding a sober session to discuss decision making procedures, roles of team members and authority hierarchy among other pertinent issues will clear any doubts among team mates. Misunderstandings will be ironed out as well as trying to make expectations of team members alike. Build trust among members: This comes about when members honor their promises and perform their roles towards the project (Ferdinand, 1978).

Corporate Parenting Essay

Children’s homes operate under the directorate of â€Å"Corporate Parenting† meaning that when a child is placed in the children’s home on an interim or full care order or even if the child is voluntary placed by the trust ( once they become looked after), the staff within the home have responsibilities which include safeguarding the young persons welfare when their needs are being considered by the courts and also taking into consideration when making decisions the views of the child, parent and any other person involved with the young person. As a corporate parent the child’s religious identity, racial origin, cultural and linguistic background all need to be considered, also your role includes preparing the young person for life when they will no longer be â€Å"looked after† by the trust. Staff in residential care have a legal responsibility to each young person as directed by the â€Å"Children’s Order (NI) 1995. Under the directorate of corporate parenting social care staff with in children’s homes are obliged to look after and treat any young person as any other good parent would look after their own child. Social workers in residential care strive to involve the child’s parent in the decision making process of the child’s life; and work in partnership with parents, however there can be occasions where a parent does not act in the best interests of their child and the trust as a corporate parent can limit a decision made by the parent. Professional Carer Professional Carers can be employed within the statutory, voluntary and private sector, again professional carers (i.e) foster parents/ fee paid carers or emergency foster carers have a responsibility to provide a duty of care to safeguard and protect the welfare and well being of each child placed with them. Professional carers are also governed by policies and procedures and legislation which are a requirement by law.

Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Essays

Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Essays Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Paper Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Paper Essay Topic: Anne Bradstreet Poems ENGL2010 February 10, 2013 Analysis of Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Anne Bradstreet’s poem In Reference to Her Children, 23 June 1659 is a poem telling of her love, care, and worries for her children. In Reference to her Children† is both metaphorical and symbolic, expressing everything from pathos to love and a hope for her eternal reward. (www. papermasters. com) The poem is structured with a single stanza with every other line rhyming. The speaker seems to be speaking to a semi- private audience given the intimacy of the poem, and the way it speaks to the children. The tone of this poem is familiar, using the language in an abstract way by being birds; but the language is also concrete, and it is not hard to understand what this mother is trying to say. In lines 1-40, Bradstreet sets up an image of a mother bird and her nest filled with babies: four girls and four boys, representative of a human mother and her children. The speaker seems to be Bradstreet, speaking the poem first as a story about her children, as the tone changes near the end of the poem though it is clear she is writing the poem to her children. The speaker tells an emotional story of her time and experiences with her children over the years of them discovering their own independent lives. Bradstreet uses this poem to express her love and worries for her children as they grow and develop their own lives. The tone of this poem seems to be semi joyful, and familiar in the beginning, of a mother telling about her children being born and nursed with pain and care. In line four, the speaker tells of sparing nothing in order to take care of her young; showing how deep her love is for them. At first it sounds joyful as she speaks of how her young â€Å"Mounted the trees, and learned to sing† (Bradstreet) this line gives the sense of joy that comes with learning, nature and singing. The tone then changes, while the speaker is telling of her oldest bird growing up and taking flight, she becomes very sad because she worries for and misses her son. The speaker tells how most of her young have moved on, telling of their ambitions and circumstances of leaving. She makes it clear in lines 11 and 12 she does not want to let her children go, she needs them to be with her where she can enjoy singing and caring for them. There are five children who have left her home, leaving her with three at home. She expresses worries for the three because they soon will â€Å"take their flight† (Bradstreet). This poem shows a sincere care for the children, wishing them well. The speaker talks of praying for her children and only wanting good to come to their lives. Her thoughts stay steady of her children throughout the whole poem, this poem is the result of the endless love and care she has for her children. After telling of how her children came to spread their wings, the tone turns sad, while acknowledging her natural fears as a mother. She says, â€Å"If birds could weep, then my would my tears†; â€Å"Let others know what are my fears† (lines 41, 42) shows how much she fears for the children’s safety. The speaker begins to imagine a sequence of bad events that could happen to the children. The speaker finds herself overwhelmed with sadness and thoughts of how tenderly she cared for her children. The speaker tells of her raw emotions in line 60, expressing the intense pain her worrying is causing her body; â€Å"My throbs such now as ‘fore were never’. One of the speakers concerns are the ignorance’s of danger, because of this concern line 65 warns her children saying 62, â€Å"to your safety have and eye, so happy may you live and die†. This part of the poem makes it more obvious that she is speaking directly to her children. The poem takes a slight turn in tones, the speaker goes from pure worry and stress about her children to a sense of acceptance. Statement that sticks out in showing acceptance are; â€Å"Meanwhile my days in tunes ill spend Till my weak lays (poems) with me shall end† (lines 67-68); â€Å"In shady woods ill sit and sing, And things that passed to mind ill bring†(69-70). These lines are the first ones in which she really indicated anything of herself and what she will do, without involving the children except by memories. This shows some signs of accepting her children have to do what they will and admitting she will continue to move forward without them in her nest. The speaker goes on to speak of not lamenting her age; this shows she accepts the years that have gone by and has no regrets. The speaker is accepting her age and the fact that her flight is soon to come; but this will be the most important flight, the one to her heaven. After she begins to accept her age and the fact that her children are developing their own lives the poem takes on a sense of contentment. The poem In Reference to Her Children seems to be a sort of therapy for Bradstreet as she goes though the stages of grieving for her children. The poem shows all the different stages of acceptance, during a situation that was started with uncertainty. Bradstreet was one of the first American poets since the movement from England. Like many women writers in the nineteenth century, Bradstreet used print to publicize the supposedly private experiences of a woman. (VanEgen) Bradstreet was heavily criticized for this, being as the puritan view saw women as mothers and wives and nothing more, using her poems for reasons to say she must be a bad mother, puritan or wife because of her time used to write. In reality Bradstreet was good at all of those things finding the time to write after her work as a mother. Bradstreet found a way to find a public voice without violating cultural standards of privacy; she brought attention to the experiences of women and helped to re-envision their place in a society centered on the home (VanEgen). She uses her poems as a tool that helps her to accept and analyze the situations she finds herself in. he care and thought she puts into her words are a kind of organizer for her feelings and wants a way to see her life in a new perspective, helping her to cope or accept. Bradstreet, Anne. In Reference to her Children, 23 June1659. New York: New York, 2012. Print, 20 Feb. 2013. VanEngen, Abram. Advertising the domestic: Anne Bradstreets sentimental poetics. Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 28. 1 (2011): 47+. Academic OneFile. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Analysis of â€Å"In Reference to Her Children†. Paper Masters Custom Writing Service Web, 20 Feb. 2013

Invasion of Italy (Salerno) in World War II

Invasion of Italy (Salerno) in World War II The Allied invasion of Italy took place September 3-16, 1943, during World War II (1939-1945). Having driven German and Italian troops from North Africa and Sicily, the Allies decided to invade Italy in September 1943. Landing in Calabria and south of Salerno, British and American forces pushed inland. The fighting around Salerno proved particularly fierce and ended when British forces from Calabria arrived. Defeated around the beaches, the Germans withdrew north to the Volturno Line. The invasion opened a second front in Europe and helped take pressure off Soviet forces in the east. Fast Facts: Invasion of Italy Dates: September 3-16, 1943, during World War II (1939-1945).Allies Armies and Commanders: General Sir Harold Alexander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, and Lieutenant General Mark Clark; 189,000 men.Axis Armies and Commanders: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff; 100,000 men. Sicily With the conclusion of the campaign in North Africa in the late spring of 1943, Allied planners began looking north across the Mediterranean. Though American leaders such as General George C. Marshall favored moving forward with an invasion of France, his British counterparts desired a strike against southern Europe. Prime Minister Winston Churchill ardently advocated for attacking through what he termed the soft underbelly of Europe as he believed that Italy could be knocked out of the war and the Mediterranean opened to Allied shipping.  Ã‚   As it became increasingly clear that resources were not available for a cross-Channel operation in 1943, President Franklin Roosevelt agreed to the invasion of Sicily. Landing in July, American and British forces came ashore near Gela and south of Syracuse. Pushing inland, the troops of Lieutenant General George S. Pattons Seventh Army and General Sir Bernard Montgomerys Eighth Army pushed back the Axis defenders.   Next Steps These efforts resulted in a successful campaign which led to the overthrow of Italian leader Benito Mussolini  in late July 1943. With operations in Sicily coming to close in mid-August, the Allied leadership renewed discussions regarding an invasion of Italy. Though the Americans remained reluctant, Roosevelt understood the need to continue engaging the enemy to relieve Axis pressure on the Soviet Union until landings in northwest Europe could move forward. Also, as the Italians had approached the Allies with peace overtures, it was hoped that much of the country could be occupied before German troops arrived in large numbers. Prior to the campaign in Sicily, Allied plans foresaw a limited invasion of Italy that would be restricted to the southern part of the peninsula. With the collapse of Mussolinis government, more ambitious operations were considered. In assessing options for invading Italy, the Americans initially hoped to come ashore in the northern part of the country, but the range of Allied fighters limited potential landing areas to the Volturno river basin and the beaches around Salerno. Though further south, Salerno was chosen due to its calmer surf conditions, proximity to to Allied airbases, and existing road network beyond the beaches. Operation Baytown Planning for the invasion fell to Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the commander of the 15th Army Group, General Sir Harold Alexander. Working on a compressed schedule, their staffs at Allied Force Headquarters devised two operations, Baytown and Avalanche, which called for landings in Calabria and Salerno respectively. Assigned to Montgomerys Eighth Army, Baytown was scheduled for September 3. It was hoped that these landings would draw German forces south allowing them to be trapped in southern Italy by the later Avalanche landings on September 9 and also had the benefit of the landing craft being able to depart directly from Sicily. Not believing that the Germans would give battle in Calabria, Montgomery came to oppose Operation Baytown as he felt that it placed his men too far from the main landings at Salerno. As events unfolded, Montgomery was proved correct and his men were forced to march 300 miles against minimal resistance to the reach the fighting. Operation Avalanche Execution of Operation Avalanche fell to Lieutenant General Mark Clarks US Fifth Army which was comprised of Major General Ernest Dawleys US VI Corps and Lieutenant General Richard McCreerys British X Corps. Tasked with seizing Naples and driving across to the east coast to cut off enemy forces to the south, Operation Avalanche called for landing on a broad, 35-mile front to the south of Salerno. Responsibility for the initial landings fell to the British 46th and 56th Divisions in the north and the US 36th Infantry Division in the south. The British and American positions were separated by the Sele River. Supporting the invasions left flank was a force of US Army Rangers and British Commandoes which were given the objective of securing the mountain passes on the Sorrento Peninsula and blocking German reinforcements from Naples. Prior to the invasion, extensive thought was given to a variety of supporting airborne operations utilizing the US 82nd Airborne Division. These included employing glider troops to secure the passes on the Sorrento Peninsula as well as a full-division effort to capture the crossings over the Volturno River. Each of these operations were deemed either unnecessary or unsupportable and were dismissed. As a result, the 82nd was placed in reserve. At sea, the invasion would would be supported by a total of 627 vessels under the command of Vice Admiral Henry K. Hewitt, a veteran of both the North Africa and Sicily landings. Though achieving surprise was unlikely, Clark made no provision for a pre-invasion naval bombardment despite evidence from the Pacific which suggested this was required (Map). German Preparations With the collapse of Italy, the Germans commenced plans for defending the peninsula. In the north, Army Group B, under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel assumed responsibility as far south as Pisa. Below this point, Field Marshal Albert Kesselrings Army Command South was tasked with halting the Allies. Kesselrings primary field formation, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoffs Tenth Army, consisting of XIV Panzer Corps and LXXVI Panzer Corps, came online on August 22 and began moving to defensive positions. Not believing that any enemy landings in Calabria or other areas in the south would be the be main Allied effort, Kesselring left these areas lightly defended and directed troops to delay any advances by destroying bridges and blocking roads. This task largely fell to General Traugott Herrs LXXVI Panzer Corps. Montgomery Lands On September 3, Eighth Armys XIII Corps crossed the Straits of Messina and commenced landings at various points in Calabria. Meeting light Italian opposition, Montgomerys men had little trouble coming ashore and began forming to move north. Though they encountered some German resistance, the greatest impediment to their advance came in the form of demolished bridges, mines, and roadblocks. Due to the rugged nature of the terrain which held British forces to the roads, Montgomerys speed became dependent on the rate at which his engineers could clear obstacles. On September 8, the Allies announced that Italy had formally surrendered. In response, the Germans initiated Operation Achse which saw them disarm Italian units and take over defense of key points. In addition, with the Italian capitulation, the Allies commenced Operation Slapstick on April 9 which called for British and US warships to ferry the British 1st Airborne Division into the port of Taranto. Meeting no opposition, they landed and occupied the port. Landing at Salerno On September 9, Clarks forces began moving towards the beaches south of Salerno. Aware of the Allies approach, German forces on the heights behind the beaches prepared for the landings. On the Allied left, the Rangers and Commandos came ashore without incident and quickly secured their objectives in the mountains of the Sorrento Peninsula. To their right, McCreerys corps encountered fierce German resistance and required naval gunfire support to move inland. Fully occupied on their front, the British were unable to press south to link up with the Americans. Meeting intense fire from elements of the 16th Panzer Division, the 36th Infantry Division initially struggled to gain ground until reserve units were landed. As night fell, the British had achieved an advance inland of between five to seven miles while the Americans held the plain to the south of the Sele and gained around five miles in some areas. Though the Allies had come ashore, German commanders were pleased with the initial defense and began shifting units towards the beachhead. The Germans Strike Back Over the next three days, Clark worked to land additional troops and expand the Allied lines. Due to the tenacious German defense, growing the beachhead proved slow which hampered Clarks ability to build up additional forces. As a result, by September 12, X Corps switched to the defensive as insufficient men were available to continue the advance. The next day, Kesselring and von Vietinghoff commenced a counter-offensive against the Allied position. While the Hermann Gà ¶ring Panzer Division struck from the north, the main German attack hit the boundary between the two Allied corps. This assault gained ground until stopped by a last ditch defense by the 36th Infantry Division. That night, the US VI Corps was reinforced by elements of the 82nd Airborne Division which jumped inside the Allied lines. As additional reinforcements arrived, the Clarks men were able to turn back German attacks on September 14 with the aid of naval gunfire (Map). On September 15, having sustained heavy losses and failed to break through the Allied lines, Kesselring put the 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division on the defensive. To the north, XIV Panzer Corps continued their attacks but were defeated by Allied forces supported by airpower and naval gunfire. Subsequent efforts met a similar fate the next day. With the battle at Salerno raging, Montgomery was pressed by Alexander to hasten Eighth Armys advance north. Still hampered by poor road conditions, Montgomery dispatched light forces up the coast. On September 16, forward patrols from this detachment made contact with the 36th Infantry Division. With Eighth Armys approach and lacking the forces to continue attacking, von Vietinghoff recommended breaking off the battle and pivoting Tenth Army into a new defensive line spanning the peninsula. Kesselring agreed on September 17 and on the night of the 18/19th, German forces began pulling back from the beachhead. Aftermath During the course of the invasion of Italy, Allied forces sustained 2,009 killed, 7,050 wounded, and 3,501 missing while German casualties numbered around 3,500. Having secured the beachhead, Clark turned north and began attacking towards Naples on September 19. Arriving from Calabria, Montgomerys Eighth Army fell into line on the east side of the Apennine Mountains and pushed up the east coast. On October 1, Allied forces entered Naples as von Vietinghoffs men withdrew into the positions of the Volturno Line. Driving north, the Allies broke through this position and the Germans fought several rearguard actions as they retreated. Pursuing, Alexanders forces ground their way north until encountering the Winter Line in mid-November. Blocked by these defenses, the Allies finally broke through in May 1944 following the Battles of Anzio and Monte Cassino.

Impact of employee harassment on medical facilities within the United Research Paper

Impact of employee harassment on medical facilities within the United States - Research Paper Example It is evident from the study that in the United States, cases of workplace harassment has been on the rise over the past several years despite enactment of laws with stiff penalties against any employers found to be involved in acts of employee harassment. These harassments may take the form of sexual harassment, racial harassment/discrimination, religious discrimination, gender-based discrimination, age, and/or disability harassment. Researchers suggest that workplace or employee harassment has become an irritating issues and a matter of national concern. It is seen as causing more harm than any other thing in the universe. Evidence has revealed that effects of employment harassment are so severe and the hardships are not in any way pretty. According to Yamada David, a Professor at Suffolk University Law school in Boston argues that the victims of employment or workplace harassment suffer from both psychological and physical conditions, which could sometimes lead to deaths or suicid es. Employee harassment includes a range of behaviors that undermine the morale, dignity, respect, and safety of groups or persons that are involved in one way or the other in an employment situation. It can be perpetrated by an employee against a fellow employee, or an employer against an employee and vice versa. The B.C Council considers employee harassment to be visual, physical or verbal conduct that has an unreasonably effect of interfering with a group’s or individual’s performance or ability to carry on with their duty. ... It mainly examines the various types of employee harassments, their causes, and effects on victims, consequences on the perpetrators, and how it has affected health facilities. The type of employee harassment that this study will mainly focus on is sex and gender based harassment, old age and disability harassment. Discussion When looking at employee harassment especially at the workplace, it worth if the focus is based on a specific harassment type. In this scenario, employee sexual harassment and gender-based harassment has been chosen as ideal for investigating the impact of such diseases and threats on the country’s economy. In America today, sexual harassment in the workplace is a very common thing among women and men as well. According to the ABC News polls, at least one in every four women has at some point in their life experience workplace or employee sexual harassment. In every ten men, at least one man has also experience this traumatic vice of workplace or employee sexual harassment at some point in their lifestyles. A number of men also claim that it is a concern for them that they may sometimes be accused false for sexual harassment. This matter seems to be of concern to very many Americans just because of it health, physical and psychological effects that it has on the victims. A research conducted by Julian Barling and Hershcovis of the Queen’s University in Ontario evaluated about 120 studies that were carried in over 21 years across the U.S. involving consequences and effects of employee or workplace harassment and aggression including sexual harassment. These two focused their research on the workplace harassment including things such as supervisor and co-worker satisfaction, job satisfaction, intent

The film Boys Dont Cry Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The film Boys Dont Cry - Movie Review Example Since its inception, films are determined to encompass a plethora of complete human activities and are saturated with them. Human mind and its excellence at aesthetic paradigm evolve out with multiple hues at length while coming into the interface of any art medium. Films like any other art medium involve human mind in its creation, it displays human action and most importantly they are made to be comprehended and enjoyed by human minds as its audiences. Films are always considered as a wide form of art medium through which the manifestation of the striking moving images decorated with vibrant colors and sounds enables a connection between the film-makers and audience upon the matrix of celluloid and the senses enhanced through the pictorial description of emotions and actions. The intensity of the influence which a film leaves on the minds of its audiences cannot be undermined at any level. Therefore, the sociological aspect of the film, or myriad social psychologies depicted through the medium of the films holds a very important space in the minds of the modern audiences. With the growing complexities of life, the films began to develop with foreboding complexities. Skip Dine Young in his book, â€Å"Psychology at the Movies† mentioned rightly, â€Å"The psychology of film can be unified by thinking of movies as symbols. Movies are symbols that have meaning; these symbols are created by ways do they infuse aspects of themselves into their creations? While it is probable that everyone who works on a movie brings something of him or herself to the activity, I focus on those artists whose individuality is in the foreground- the directors (who make the final choices about how a movie looks and sounds) and the actors (whose visual likeness is so vividl y captured on the screen)† (Young, 2012). A latent symbolic framework does operate within the films upon which the complex social psychology depicted through various modern films gets manifested. â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† as an independent American drama amazed the audiences in the year 1999 by depicting the story of Brandon Teena, a transsexual man and his predicament evoked the themes of desperation, insensitive attitude and the issues of empowerment and gender equality prevalent in the society of contemporary times. At the same time, the subtle display of psychology operating in terms of dealing with these issues in society forms the crux of the film. Social Psychology and Boys Don’t Cry In October 1999, the American drama, â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† was first premiered which was based on a real life story. Being the reflection of a true incident, the film mirrored many intricacies and complexities of modern society at length. Directed by Kimberly Peirce and co-written by Andy Bienen, the film stars Hilary Swank in the role of Brandon Teena whose powerful acting paved the way for her receiving Best Actress in the Academy Awards. Brandon Teena was a transsexual man who was allegedly beaten up brutally, raped and tortured by his male partners after they discovered that Teena had a female by body. Depiction of this incident through the medium of film was not a piece of cake. The film did not hint at only displaying the content as a crime thriller. On the contrary, a very strong social message was inherent within the film which evidently develops its social psychology. A strong notion and social perception towards body of a woman specially develops the pivot of the film’s aspect towards prevailing psychology of the society. When America was vouching on the propositions of same-sex marriages and gender equality, the film, â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† reinstated the hollow pursuits involved with the concepts of gender equality and rights of transsexuals in the American society. If America with its teeming American dreams could not secure the rights of its citizen within a social structure which is so liberal and cosmopolitan in nature, it is quite evident that the future of the minor sexual entities such as transsexual men or women is in

Future of Project Management Team Performance Essay

Future of Project Management Team Performance - Essay Example Presently the HP organization is engaged in streamlining process. With the increase in collaborative activities around the world, the works of companies are outsourced to various service providers in a bid to lower the cost (Mullaney, Stubbings and Clarke, 2013). Until now, most of the HP team members had to work  in  one place and route their communication through  landlines  and direct meetings with colleagues.  With advanced research and development of  technology in the Internet and others, it is easy to contact any person and share the requisite information.   The requirement of the technology is limited to the smart phone or any wired device for connection with  the Internet.   As HP is a largest technology company  around  the world and requires  a constant  inflow of knowledge workers, who are experts in current technologies employed  at  the company and  have the capability of assimilation of the continuous innovation. With the continuous research and development in  communication  technology, employees of HP are able to work and  communicate  to  their colleagues and office people with various electronic devices. So, it is possible for them to work from home or any other premises. This facility has facilitated the engagement of talented workforce  that is not locally available.  With  technological improvement, HP has started implementation of flexibility in work in various offices.   With continuous development and improvement in knowledge,  it is imperative that, the project management team should be trained in contemporary styles regularly.  This is also true about various types of certifications that are needed to keep the edge in the changing market. HP continues to implement the policy regarding the training  to  their employees with contemporary knowledge and certifications (Stanleigh, 2015).   It is a fact that with time, everything changes including trends in the workplace. With ongoing research in  the

Three Phase System Outline

Three Phase System Outline Single phase systems are defined by having an AC source with only one voltage waveform. Figure 1 is a simple AC circuit. Single-phase power distribution is widely used especially in rural areas, because the cost of a single-phase distribution network is low. Figure 1:- Single phase system schematic diagram Today most of the electrical power generated in the world is three-phase. Three-phase power was first conceived by Nikola Tesla. Three-phase power was the most efficient way that electricity could be produced, transmitted, and consumed. A three-phase generator has three separate but identical windings that are 1200 electrical apart from one another. 5.2 Three Phase Circuit Three-phase voltage systems are composed of three sinusoidal voltages of equal magnitude, equal frequency and separated by 120 degrees, as shown in Figure 2. It is one voltage cycle of a 3 phase system. It is labeled 0 to 360 ° (2 Ï€ radians) along the time axis. The plotted lines show the variation of instantaneous voltage (or current) over time. This power wave cycle will repeat usually  50 (50Hz), 60 (60Hz), or 400 (400Hz)  times per second, depending on the power system  frequency (Hz). The colors of the lines are in the  American Color Code for 3-phase wiring. It is black=VL1  red=VL2blue=VL3. Figure 2:- Three phase waveforms Three phase systems may or may not have a neutral wire. The neutral wire allows 3 phase systems to use a higher voltage while still supporting lower voltage 1 phase appliances. In  high voltage 3 phase distribution  situations it is common not to have a neutral wire as the loads can simply be connected between phases (phase-phase connection). 5.2.1 Advantage over Single Phase system Three phase system is better to single phase system. The reason for the advantage over single phase system is given below. The horsepower rating of three-phase motors and the KVA (kilo-volt-amp) rating of three-phase transformers is about 150% greater than for single-phase motors or transformers with a similar frame size. Figure 3:- Single-phase power falls to zero three times each cycle. Figure 4:- Three-phase power never falls to zero. The power delivered by a single-phase system pulsates, as shown in Figure 3. The power falls to zero three times during each cycle. The power delivered by a three-phase circuit pulsates also, but it never falls to zero, as shown in Figure 4. In a three-phase system, the power delivered to the load is the same at any instant. This produces superior operating characteristics for three-phase motors. In a balanced three-phase system, the conductors need be only about 75% the size of conductors for a single-phase two-wire system of the same KVA rating. This helps offset the cost of supplying the third conductor required by three-phase systems. If a magnetic field is rotate through the conductors of a stationary coil then a single phase alternating voltage can be produced. This explanation is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5:- A single-phase voltage. Since alternate polarities of the magnetic field cut through the conductors of the stationary coil, the induced voltage will change polarity at the same speed as the rotation of the magnetic field. The alternator shown in Figure 5 is single phase because it produces only one AC voltage. Figure 6:- The voltages of a three-phase system are 120 ° out of phase with each other. If three separate coils are spaced 120 ° apart, as shown in Figure 6, three voltages 120 ° out of phase with each other will be produced when the magnetic field cuts through the coils. This is the manner in which a three-phase voltage is produced. 5.2.2 Classification Three-phase supply voltages and load systems have two basic configurations: a). wye or star connection and b). delta connection. 5.3 Star and Delta connection The Wye is a 4-wire system. Wye configurations typically include a neutral line (N) connected to the common point (3 phase plus neutral for a total of four wires), as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7:- A wye connections is formed by joining one end of each of the windings together. The Delta, as shown in Figure 8, is a 3-wire system which is primarily used to provide power for three-phase motor loads. The system is normally ungrounded and has only one three-phase voltage available. The lack of a system ground makes it difficult to protect for ground faults. Often, a ground detection scheme, employing ground lamps, is used to provide an indication or alarm in the event of a system ground. The Delta System is sometimes corner grounded to protect for ground faults on the other two phases. Figure 8:- Three-phase delta connection 5.4 Phasor diagrams 5.4.1 Star connection The voltage measured across a single winding or phase is known as the phase voltage, as shown in Figure 9. The voltage measured between the lines is known as the line-to-line voltage or simply as the line voltage. The currents flowing in the phases are called phase currents and currents flowing in the lines are called line currents. Figure 9:- Line and phase voltages are different in a wye connection. The parallelogram method of vector addition for the voltages in a wye-connected three-phase system is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows how the line voltage may be obtained using the normal parallelogram addition. Figure 10:- Phasor diagram of Star connection Voltage However, the line voltage is not equal to the phase voltage. The line voltage V1-2 is equal to the phasor difference of VA and VB. The line voltage V2-3 is equal to the phasor difference of VB and VC. The line voltage V3-1 is equal to the phasor difference of VC and VA. The line voltages are defined as: V1-2 = VA VB, V2-3 = VB-VC, and V3-1 = VC-VA. Here V1-2, V2-3, V3-1 are the line voltage (VLine) and VA, VB, VC are the phase voltage (VPhase) of Wye connection. VA, VB, VC are the reverse phase voltage of VA,VB, VC. The two phasors VA and VB are 600 apart. V1-2 = VLine = VA VB = [VPhase (-VPhase)] cos(600/2) = 2 VPhase cos300 = √3 VPhase The two phasors VB and VC are 600 apart. V2-3 = VLine = VB-VC = √3 VPhase The two phasors VC and VA are 600 apart. V3-1 = VLine = VC-VA = √3 VPhase  Ã…“ V1-2 = V2-3 = V3-1 = line voltage = VLine =√3 VPhase Current On a Wye system or star connected supply, the phase unbalance current is carried by the neutral. On a Wye system, the line current (current in the line) (ILine) is equal to the phase current (current in a phase) (IPhase) i.e. ILine = IPhase Power Total power P = 3 Power in each phase = 3 VPhase IPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 3 (VLine/√3) ILine cosÃŽ ¦ [for Wye connection] = √3 VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ Where VLine and ILine are the line voltage and the line current of a star connected supply. The term cosÃŽ ¦ is called power factor of the circuit and its value is given by; cosÃŽ ¦ = R/Z Where R and Z are the resistance and impedance of a circuit. 5.4.2 DELTA CONNECTIONS In Figure 11, voltmeters have been connected across the lines and across the phase. Ammeters have been connected in the line and in the phase. Figure 11:- Voltage and current relationships in a delta connection The delta connection is similar to a parallel connection because there is always more than one path for current flow. Since these currents are 120 ° out of phase with each other, vector addition must be used when finding the sum of the currents, as shown in Figure 12. Figure 12:- Phasor Diagram of Delta connection Voltage In the delta connection, the three voltages are equal in magnitude but displaced 1200 from one another. In the delta connection, line voltage (VLine) and phase voltage (Vphase) are the same. VLine = Vphase Current In the delta connection, the line current and phase current are different. The line current is the vector sum of two individual phase currents. The line current I1 is equal to the phasor difference of IA and IC. The line current I2 is equal to the phasor difference of IB and IA. The line current I3 is equal to the phasor difference of IC and IB. The line currents are defined as: I1 = IA IC, I2 = IB IA and I3 = IC IB. Here I1, I2, I3 are the line current (ILine) and IA, IB, IC are the phase current (IPhase) of Wye connection. IA, IB, IC are the reverse phase current of IA, IB, IC. The two phasors IA and IC are 600 apart. I1 = ILine = IA IC = [IPhase (-IPhase)] cos(600/2) = 2 IPhase cos300 = √3 IPhase The two phasors IB and IA are 600 apart. I2 = ILine = IB IA = √3 IPhase The two phasors IC and IB are 600 apart. I3 = ILine = IC IB = √3 IPhase  Ã…“ I1 = I2 = I3 = ILine = line current = √3 IPhase However, the line current of a delta connection is higher than the phase current by a factor of the square root of 3 (1.732). Power Total power P = 3 Power in each phase = 3 VPhase IPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 3 VLine- (ILine/√3) cosÃŽ ¦ [for delta connection] = √3 VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ Where VLine, ILine and cosÃŽ ¦ are the line voltage, the line current and power factor of a delta connected supply. 5.5 Relationship between line and phase quantities 5.5.1 Star connection On a Wye system, the line current is equal to the phase current i.e. ILine = IPhase Where ILine and IPhase are the line current and phase current of Wye connection. In a wye connected system, the line voltage is higher than the phase voltage by a factor of the square root of 3 (1.732). Two formulas used to compute the voltage in a wye connected system are: VLine = √3 VPhase = 1.732 VPhase  Ã…“ VPhase = VLine / 1.732 Where VLine and VPhase are the line voltage and phase voltage of Wye connection. 5.5.2 Delta connection In the delta connection, line voltage and phase voltage are the same. VLine = Vphase Where VLine and VPhase are the line voltage and phase voltage of delta connection. Formulas for determining the current in a delta connection are: Where ILine and IPhase are the line current and phase current of delta connection. 5.6 Power measurement by two watt meters method In two wattmeters method, current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in any two terminals of Wye system, as shown in Figure 13. The algebraic sum of two wattmeters gives the total power consumed whether the load is balanced or not i.e. Total power = W1 + W2 Figure 13:- Wye connected load Figure 14:- Phasor Diagram The power factor angle of load impedance being ÃŽ ¦ lag. The currents will lag behind their respective phase voltages by ÃŽ ¦ as shown in Fig. 14. Current through current coil of W1 = IA. Potential difference across potential coil of W1, V1-2 = VA VB. The phase angle between V1-2 and IA is (300 + ÃŽ ¦).  Ã…“ W1 = V1-2 IA cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦) Current through current coil of W2 = IB. Potential difference across potential coil of W2, V2-3 = VB-VC. The phase angle between V2-3 and IB is (300 ÃŽ ¦).  Ã…“ W2 = V2-3 IB cos(300 ÃŽ ¦) Here load is balanced, V1-2 = V2-3 = VLine = line voltage and IA = IB = ILine = line current.  Ã…“ W1 = VLine ILine cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦)  Ã…“ W2 = VLine ILine cos(300 ÃŽ ¦)  Ã…“ W1 + W2 = VLine ILine [cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦) + cos(300 ÃŽ ¦)] = VLine ILine(2cos300cosÃŽ ¦) = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦  Ã…“ W2 W1 = VLine ILine [cos(300 ÃŽ ¦) cos(300 + ÃŽ ¦)] = VLine ILine(2sin300sinÃŽ ¦) = VLine ILine sinÃŽ ¦ tanÃŽ ¦ = [√3 (W2 W1)] / (W1 + W2) Thus from the two wattmeter method, we can find ÃŽ ¦. PROBLEM 1. Three coils, each having a resistance of 20- and an inductive reactance of 15-, are connected in star to a 400V, 3-phase, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) the line current (ii) power factor and (iii) power supplied. Solution:- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 400/1.732 = 231V ZPhase = √(202 + 152) = 25- (i) IPhase = VPhase/ ZPhase = 231/25 = 9.24A = ILine (ii) Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 20/25 = 0.8 lag (iii) P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 9.24 0.8 = 5121W 2. A balanced star-connected load of impedance (6 + j8)- per phase is connected to a 3-phase, 230V, 50Hz supply. Find the line current and power absorbed by each phase. Solution:- ZPhase = √(62 + 82) = 10- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 230/1.732 = 133V Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 6/10 = 0.6 lag IPhase = VPhase/ ZPhase = 133/10 = 13.3A = ILine P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 230 13.3 0.6 = 1061W 3. Three similar coils, connected in star, take a total power of 1.5kW at a power factor of 0.2 lagging from 3-phase, 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the resistance and inductance of each coil. Solution:- VPhase = VLine / 1.732 = 400/1.732 = 231V P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦  Ã…“ ILine = P / (√3VLine cosÃŽ ¦) = 1500 / (1.732 400 0.2) = 10.83A = IPhase ZPhase= VPhase/ IPhase = 231 / 10.83 = 21.33- RPhase = ZPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 21.33 0.2 = 4.27- XPhase = √(21.332 4.272) = 20.9- LPhase = XPhase/ 2Ï€f =20.9 / (2Ï€ 50) = 0.0665H 4. The load to a 3-phase supply comprises three similar coils connected in star. The line currents are 25A and kVA and kW inputs are 20 and 11 respectively. Find (i) the phase and line voltages (ii) the kVAR input and (iii) resistance and reactance of each coil. Solution:- VPhase = Apparent power / (3 IPh) = (20-103) / (3 25) = 267V VLine= √3 VPhase=1.732-267 = 462V Input kVAR = √ (kVA2 kW2) = √ (202 112) = 16.7kVAR Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = kW/kVA = 11/20 ZPhase= VPhase/ IPhase = 267 / 25 = 10.68- RPhase = ZPhase cosÃŽ ¦ = 10.68 11/20 = 5.87- XPhase = √(10.682 5.872) = 8.92- 5. A balanced 3-phase, delta-connected load has per phase impedance of (25+j40)-. If 400V, 3-phase supply is connected to this load, find (i) phase current (ii) line current (iii) power supplied to the load. Solution:- ZPhase = √(252 + 402) = 47.17- IPhase= VPhase/ ZPhase = 400 / 47.17 = 8.48- ILine= √3 IPhase=1.732-8.48 = 14.7A Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 25/47.17 = 0.53 lag P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 14.7- 0.53 = 5397.76W 6. A balanced 3-phase load consists of three coils, each of resistance 6-, and inductive reactance of 8-. Determine the line current and power absorbed when the coils are delta-connected across 400V, 3-phase supply. Solution:- ZPhase = √(62 + 82) = 10- cosÃŽ ¦ = RPhase/ ZPhase = 6/10 = 0.6 lag VPhase = VLine = 400V IPhase= VPhase/ ZPhase = 400 / 10 = 40A ILine= √3 IPhase=1.732-40 = 69.28A P = √3VLine ILine cosÃŽ ¦ = √3 400 69.28 0.6 = 28799W 7. Two-wattmeter method is used to measure the power absorbed by a 3-phase induction motor. The wattmeter readings are 12.5kW and -4.8kW. Find (i) the power absorbed by the machine (ii) load power factor (iii) reactive power taken by the load. Solution:- W2 = 12.5kW ; W1 = -4.8kW Power absorbed = W2 + W1 = 12.5 + (-4.8) = 7.7kW tanÃŽ ¦ = [√3 (W2 W1)] / (W1 + W2) = (12.5+4.8) / 7.7 = 3.89 ÃŽ ¦ = tan-13.89 = 75.60 Power factor = cosÃŽ ¦ = cos75.60 = 0.2487lag Reactive power = √3 (W2-W1) = √3 (12.5 + 4.8) = 29.96kVAR P O I N T S TO REMEMBER 1. The voltages of a three-phase system are 120 ° out of phase with each other. 2. The two types of three-phase connections are wye and delta. 3. Wye connections are characterized by the fact that one terminal of each device is connected together. 4. In a wye connection, the phase voltage is less than the line voltage by a factor of 1.732. The phase current and line current are the same. 5. In a delta connection, the phase voltage is the same as the line voltage. The phase current is less than the line current by a factor of 1.732. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. On a wye system, the relation between line and phase current is: ILine = IPhase 2. On a wye system, the line voltages are defined as: V1-2 = VA VB, V2-3 = VB-VC, and V3-1 = VC-VA. 3. In the delta connection, the relation between line and phase voltage is: VLine = Vphase 4. In the delta connection, the line currents are defined as: I1 = IA IC, I2 = IB IA and I3 = IC IB 5. On a wye system, the relation between line and phase voltage is: VPhase = VLine / 1.732 6. In the delta connection, the relation between line and phase current is: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. In a two phase generator, the electrical displacement between the two phases or winding is: (a) 1200 (b) 900 (c) 1800 (d) none of these 2. The advantage of star-connected supply system is that: (a) line current is equal to phase current (b) two voltages can be used (c) phase sequence can be easily changed (d) it is a simple arranged 3. In a balanced star-connected system, line voltage are ahead of their respective phase voltages. (a) 300 (b) 600 (c) 1200 (d) none of these 4. In a star connected system, the relationship between the line voltage VL and phase voltage VPh is: (a) VL = VPh (b) VL = VPh / √3 (c) VL = √3VPh (d) none of these 5. The algebraic sum of instantaneous phase voltages in a three-phase circuit is equal to: (a) zero (b) line voltage (c) phase voltage (d) none of these 6. If one line conductor of a 3-phase line is cut, the load is then supplied by: (a) single phase voltage (b) two phase voltage (c) three phase voltage (d) none of these 7. The resistance between any two terminals of a balanced star-connected load is 12-. The resistance of each phase is: (a) 12- (b) 24- (c) 6- (d) none of these 8. A 3-phase load is balanced if all the three phases have the same (a) impedance (b) power factor (c) impedance and power factor (d) none of these REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How many degrees out of phase with each other are the voltages of a three-phase system? 2. What are the two main types of three-phase connections? 3. A wye-connected load has a voltage of 480 V applied to it. What is the voltage drop across each phase? 4. A wye-connected load has a phase current of 25 A. How much current is flowing through the lines supplying the load? 5. A delta connection has a voltage of 560 V connected to it. How much voltage is dropped across each phase? 6. A delta connection has 30 A of current flowing through each phase winding. How much current is flowing through each of the lines supplying power to the load? 7. A three-phase resistive load has a phase voltage of 240 V and a phase current of 18 A. What is the power of this load? 8. If the load in question 7 is connected in a wye, what would be the line voltage and line current supplying the load? 9. An alternator with a line voltage of 2400 V supplies a delta-connected load. The line current supplied to the load is 40 A. Assume the load is a balanced three-phase load, what is the impedance of each phase? 10. If the load is pure resistive, what is the power of the circuit in question 9? PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1. Three similar coils are star connected to a 3-phase, 400V, and 50Hz supply. If the inductance and resistance of each coil are 38.2mH and 16- respectively, determine (i) line current (ii) power factor (iii) power consumed. 2. Three 50- resistors are connected in star across 400V, 3-phase supply. (i) Find phase current, line current and power taken from the main. (ii) What would be the above value if one of the resistors were disconnected? 3. Calculate the active and reactive components of current in each phase of a star-connected 10,000 volts, 3-phase generator supplying 5,000kW at a lagging power factor 0.8. Find the new output if the current is maintained at the same value but the power factor is raised to 0.9 lagging. 4. Three 20 µF capacitors are star-connected across 420V, 50Hz, 3-phase, three wire supplies. (i) Calculate the current in each line. (ii) If one of the capacitors is short-circuited, calculate the line currents. (iii) If one of the capacitors is open-circuited, calculate the line currents and potential difference across each of the other two capacitors. 5. If the phase voltage of a 3-phase star connected alternator be 231V, what will be the line voltages (i) when the phases are correctly connected (ii) when the connections of one of the phases are reversed? 6. Calculate the phase and line currents in a balanced delta connected load taking 75kw at a power factor 0.8 from a 3-phase 440V supply. 7. Three identical resistances, each of 18-, are connected in delta across 400V, 3-phase supply. What value of resistance in each leg of balanced star connected load would take the same line current? 8. Three similar resistors are connected in star across a 415V, 3-phase supply. The line current is 10A. Calculate (i) the value of each resistance (ii) the line voltage required to give the same line current if the resistors were delta-connected. 9. Two wattmeters are used to measure power in a 3-phase balanced load. The wattmeter readings are 8.2kW and 7.2kW. Calculate (i) total power (ii) power factor and (iii) total reactive power. 10. A balanced 3-phase load takes 10kW at a power factor of 0.9 lagging. Calculate the readings on each of the two wattmeters connected to read the input power. 11. Three identical coils, each having a resistance of 20- and a reactance of 20- are connected in (i) star (ii) delta across 440v, 3-phase lines. Calculate for each method of connection the line current and readings on each of the two wattmeters connected to measure the power.